Tuesday, August 18, 2009

On Bioshock on objectivism




First, a dismissal, then a rebuttal, and then cake. Oops, wrong game.

I was not convinced by the narrative of Bioshock that objectivism as a philosophy ultimately leads to destruction, or that the game by utilizing narrative means is a critique of objectivism as a political theory. Others do not agree.

I argue that to criticize objectivism through the lens of Bioshocks’ narrative is similar to using the case of Soviet Russia to criticize communism. To begin with we have to agree that Rapture as a society failed in more than one way; neither did it oblige to the rules set out by a minimalist government approach to the state since law had been replaced by chaos when the player arrived, nor was it a success from the perspective of single individuals—that is Andrew Ryan, or me, and probably not you. The significance of an ideology for practical (as in possible) purposes in the future should be measured by it’s own statements and imperatives laid out by its’ theoretical framework, and not by the prerequisites and milieu of those who “abide” to the ideology or plan/execute the orders of (or outside of) that society in which the ideology takes place—insofar as the ideological statements to begin with have their basis in reality and a proper understanding of La condition humaine; otherwise the ideology is an utopia, something which I don't think Ayn Rand would want you to take objectivism for.

Now, what I can gather from the narrative and what it (implicitly) tells us in Bioshock is that in Rapture there were breaches in the imperatives laid out by the ideology supposedly adhered to. For once, religion found its’ way to Rapture, as can be seen by the bibles spread across some levels, and—arguably but not decisively—because of some citizens’ (whom I perceive as supposedly mad) knack for biblical allegories in their threats and ravings. Also, was not Andrew Ryan a megalomaniac? This is a simple pathological statement, but I think my saying this makes the point clear enough; crazy people will make crazy societies, even if they set out to make things right, and especially if they do not understand the ideological framework with which they work to begin with.

What I’m saying is that the games’ narrative didn’t give me conclusive evidence as to why rapture wasn’t an ideal society, and also didn’t hint about it strongly enough for me to perceive something along those lines. Instead, I started thinking that the city’s apparent failure could depend upon other factors, such as the individuals within it. Was Andrew Ryan a true objectivist? If ze was at the beginning, was ze towards the end of ze’s life? When Rapture started falling apart? The madness which infested Andrew’s haven could have unhinged once the breach of objectivist ideals were already underway—is objectivism to be put to blame for this?

I will leave you with these questions unanswered and instead bring up some other points and finally give you some cake. Concerning rational self-interest in objectivism: helping others is not a vice per se for an objectivist, tis’ only so when helping someone whose ethics (and/or ability, which are closely connected to ethics) are inferior to your own, and by helping that someone you are making a half-man king and mankind a disservice. Helping the little sisters can definitely be motivated by rational self-interest in this context. Killing the little sisters, on the other hand, can be motivated by the ideology of objectivism only when physical danger to someone’s person is a threat. Do the little sisters seem dangerous to you?

I argue that the ludonarrative dissonance when playing (the ludo part of the dissonance) as an objectivist and completing the game (the narrative part of the dissonance) is non-existing if you simply perceive rational self-interest from a different point of view, specifically, as in that interest being in harmony with helping others, if so only for ones own pleasure or for getting some answers. I as a player certainly wanted answers from Atlas, but since your avatar Jack had no narrative-infused motivations whatsoever, giving a narrative explanation for helping out Atlas was impossible, thus creating a sense of ludo-narrative dissonance.

I will leave it at that and propose my own theory concerning rationality, free will and the scene where the murder of Andrew Ryan and the “death-disarm” takes place. Yes, I too “… see all this as a parable about gaming" as Iroquis Pliskin put it, but also as a possible reading on objectivism. A quote from Roger Travis at Living Epic:

"By the shorthand “death-disarm” I mean to refer to the entire sequence of the cutscene in which your character kills Andrew Ryan and the gameplay sequence that follows, in which the game will not progress unless you obey Atlas and disarm Ryan’s auto-destruct sequence."

I will borrow something from Pliskin once again, namely the malignant demon which in Pliskins reading is the authour/designer. This time imagine the malignant demon having the original meaning set out by Descartes/Cartesius twisted to invoke society as looking glass. I do not want this invoked Cartesian society to be about oppression committed by the majority (as seen in classical individualist ideology), or in behaviourist analysis of mass-psychosis states (such as Nazi-Germany), but rather about social pressure as a part of La condition humaine in every society. Simply; man is not man as we know man without society as we know society.

One becomes a savage when growing up without other human beings. Is a feral child able to make rational choices? Are socialized humans able to do it? What is this elevated state which some humans seem to have, while others not, even if the biological prerequisites among people differ insignificantly? Does the act of simply being with other human beings who are more rational than oneself make someone more capable of rational thought? Is rationality a tool?

Let’s say assume that Mowgli is capable of rational thought then, but how can anyone at all make decisions independently of opinions and attitudes of the surrounding people, the generalized others if you would, when they are part of the environment just as much as anything else? The only ones who are not affected by the feelings of other people are those diagnosed as psychopaths, yet I dare say that even those diagnosed as psychopaths are influenced by their peers. An internalized peer review comes with socialization is my understanding of all this.

Now, finally, on objectivism: one of the three axioms which objectivist philosophy comes from is the one concerning epistemology, namely—reason. The first point I’ve already made to some extent, which would be how we can trust other people to inform us with rationally perceived information and logic, and how can we trust our own processing of that and different information; the problem with the moral choice concerning harvesting vs rescuing little sisters is that we simply do not know just how dangerous they are, if they are at all, and what we should do about it from a rational point of view. A may be A, but what the hell is A? Can we even recognize it? What is the meaning of the question asking the meaning of life?

The second point I will make is concerning the corollary axiom of reason—the exercising of free will—, which presupposes reason in objectivist philosophy. If objectivist rationality did not exist, and these two are so interdependent upon each-other, would not the free will disappear? What happens in the scene you kindly murder Andrew Ryan? Exactly that;player agency disappears.

88 comments:

  1. It's certainly true that Ken Levine and the rest of the Bioshock team presupposed a failed Galt's Gulch, and then explained the failure by releaving clues throughout the game. Perhaps a more suitable treatment of Objectivism, or at least a more fair premise for debate, would be modeling Objectivism as an option among other ethical or religious systems in a "4X" game? Then, at least, we could discuss whether the mechanics and associated dynamics were potentially accurate.

    Ah, but we'd likely find ourselves ultimately stuck in the age-old argument of theory versus practical implementation. Practice never lives up to the pristine beauty of theory, but theory without implementation isn't often going to make any more tangible difference in individual lives than dreams would.

    ReplyDelete
  2. How would we measure happiness of subjects incorporated in these ethical or religious systems and their respective "civilizations"? Even if we did find a way, Rand does state that an action can be immoral even if the results are good, because there is a moral lesson lost on someone performing an action without being aware of its consequences. On the other hand, if the ideals of objectivism or a different ethical/political system were implemented in a very extensive way for this 4X game, then perhaps the game would be able to tell us 'something' about the world and ethics anyway.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Sorry for not responding to this sooner.

    Games like Civilization create abstractions out of things like productivity and average happiness per capita, and these things are influenced by things such as government choice--and, as someone like Ian Bogost can tell you, the way the model interprets reality is, in fact, an arguement that reality works roughly like the model. (Example: In Civ 1, I found that communist governments had a decided advantage--a tacit argument in favor of communism as the most effective way to govern.)

    Civilization IV introduced the ability to choose specific state religions (though they're functionally all the same--a deliberately avoided opportunity) and replaced the old choice of government type with a choice of "civics" in various sub-categories. Like with the old government choice, you'll see in that link that civics choices change the way your country works. I was wondering where Objectivism might fall into that type of dynamic (though Objectivists may have an easy time picking the ethically superior option in each case, there may be even better "civics" that aren't in the game).

    ReplyDelete
  4. I think you guys really missed the point of the game, and it's that the cunning and emotionally unaffected sociopaths thrive in an environment with no social or moral bounds...

    ReplyDelete
  5. I was waiting to see if Ava wanted to reply to this, but I think it's my turn.

    BioShock and its sequel, in light of their position as something of an epilogue to Atlas Shrugged, stand as an imagining of how Galt's Gulch (from the end of Atlas Shrugged) would play out. It's by no means a formal argument, but the gist seems to be that (some flavored version of lower-case "O") objectivism and an extremely limited government don't last long in practice.

    It's an interesting charge, since Ayn Rand (author of Atlas Shrugged and survivor of the Russian Revolution) was a vocal critic of communism and socialism not on a basis of their failures in practice, but on ethical and philosophical grounds.

    ReplyDelete
  6. Most gaming enthusiasts have already made up their mind which games they will want for their new PS Vita. Sony has already promised that their new generation portable is going to offer an unprecedented and exciting gaming experience if my blog are up for the challenge. Check-out these must have PS Vita games that were given the nod by industry gaming enthusiasts...

    ReplyDelete
  7. Most gaming enthusiasts have already made up their mind which games they will want for their new PS Vita. Sony has already promised that their new generation portable is going to offer an unprecedented and exciting gaming experience if gamers are up for the challenge. Check-out these must have PS Fantasy Life Mercenary games that were given the nod by industry gaming enthusiasts...

    ReplyDelete
  8. Video games are designed to entertain players and give missions to complete all throughout the game. It is normally made to challenge players, and allow every player achieve small accomplishments that will give them the urge to continue playing. May it be small or big achievements, those achievements are somehow the driving force of players to keep Bubble Shooter Full Screen playing video games.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Internet is filled with hundreds and hundreds of free games, played by people from all parts of the world. Regardless of their age or occupation, all of them enjoy the multitude of online games present on Click here internet that become a passion for them should they spend a large amount of time playing them.

    ReplyDelete
  10. Many games have emerged during the last decade with the words "Lord of the Rings" in their name, from traditional board games to Monopoly: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition and Risk: The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game is New Jersey Sportsbooks Living Card Game (LGG). Let's see if it stands out from the crowd.

    ReplyDelete
  11. You have noted very useful details! PS. nice web site. “Disbelief in magic can force a poor soul into believing in government and business.” by Tom Robbins.. Social Media hack

    ReplyDelete
  12. Many games have emerged during the last decade with the words "Lord of the Rings" in their name, from traditional board games to Monopoly: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition and Risk: The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game is a Living Card Game (LGG). Let's see if it stands out from the crowd. Just Cause 4 Review

    ReplyDelete
  13. A long time ago, someone decided that learning games - from the Commodore 64 all the way through to Wii educational games, today - don't need levels, leveling, or the standard video game staple: the end boss. This needs to change. http://63.250.38.187/Murahqq/

    ReplyDelete
  14. Adding Workplace Games, also called Gamification, to your business will both motivate and unite your business towards maximizing new opportunities. In an interview, Tom Kalil, (Deputy Director for Policy for the White House Office of Science and Technology) made the point that NASA's use of Gamification had a Return on Investment 5 to 10 times higher than the costs associated with the rewards that the game generated. Gamification will motivate and unify your stakeholders in providng unique products and services that differentiate your business and identify new markets and opportunities. Agen JurusQQ

    ReplyDelete
  15. During the summer months, there are a lot of great activities to be enjoyed. While at home or on vacation, there are several great lawn games that are quick to set up and easy to enjoy. From boules to quoits, there are ones that can be played by people of all ages. how to fix high ping

    ReplyDelete
  16. Imagine yourself uncovering the ivory mosaic of an enchanted kingdom to help your hero rescue his bride from the hands of an evil dragon. Enthralling, right? Games are much more than the simple look and find game. Marvel Future Fight Build

    ReplyDelete
  17. During the summer months, there are a lot of great activities to be enjoyed. While at home or on vacation, there are several great lawn games that are quick to set up and easy to enjoy. From boules to quoits, there are ones that can be played by people of all ages. เว็บนี้เลย

    ReplyDelete
  18. People all around the world play games online or have interest in playing different games while sitting online in front of the computer screens. Usually the online games people play is through Facebook apps or other social networking web sites. Playing online game is a very interesting and entertaining time pass and helps kill the boredom when there is nothing to do. เกมส์สนุก

    ReplyDelete
  19. Internet is filled with hundreds and hundreds of free games, played by people from all parts of the world. Regardless of their age or occupation, all of them enjoy the multitude of online games present on the internet that become a passion for them should they spend a large amount of time playing them. 메이저사이트

    ReplyDelete
  20. When you are talking about role-playing games for the PC, it is hard to pin down what the 'best' game is. There are a lot of great games in a lot of different genres. So if you are trying to find out what the best RPG games for PC are, you may not be able to pin down one particular game as the best. However, there are definitely common attributes that make up the best games out there and they are story, playability, and appearance. 슬롯게임

    ReplyDelete
  21. Online บาคาร่าขั้นต่ำ10บาท gives you an ultimate gaming experience with a realistic environment, superb graphics and sound clarity. They are absolutely relaxing and are popular among people of all ages.

    ReplyDelete
  22. Online games gives you an ultimate gaming experience with a realistic environment, superb graphics and sound clarity. They are absolutely relaxing and are popular among people of all ages. source

    ReplyDelete
  23. Video games are very popular no matter what age that you are. Online video gaming sites are also becoming more in demand as the demand grows for gaming online. Mindcraft games are fun to play and engage the mind. You can find fun and good games here. Some examples of this would be 3D Swat, 2 D Knockout and 1942: Battles in the Sky. These games are just a small example of what is available on this particular site. With 36 categories available, there is something for everyone. สล็อตออนไลน์

    ReplyDelete
  24. Horst Wein, who has mentored more than 11,000 soccer coaches in 55 different countries around the world, believes that small sided games are the most essential element in developing youth soccer players. This comes from a man who knows a thing or two about this vital topic - his book "Developing Youth Football Players" is the official textbook of the Spanish Football Federation, and has also been adopted by the Football Federation of Australia, having sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide. Small sided games in Training Coaches should focus more on สล็อตออนไลน์ rather than drills.

    ReplyDelete
  25. Most people start out in the online gaming world with free games. There are hundreds of gaming sites that offer a limited selection of free games while others offer just a game or two for free. You can find everything from Pac Man to very modern puzzle games like Sudoku, all offered online completely free. As you get comfortable playing those games, you may start to wonder about the games that are not available for free. Do you pay to play online or just stick with the games that you can access free of charge? JUDI ONLINE

    ReplyDelete
  26. The increased use of IT (information technology) in various aspects of our lives is mainly attributable to the rapid technological advancement especially in the past decade. The video gaming industry has also bloomed significantly and the presence of video games and computer games can be felt everywhere nowadays. แทงไฮโล

    ReplyDelete
  27. Horst Wein, who has mentored more than 11,000 soccer coaches in 55 different countries around the world, believes that small sided games are the most essential element in developing youth soccer players. This comes from a man who knows a thing or two about this vital topic - his book "Developing Youth Football Players" is the official textbook of the Spanish Football Federation, and has also been adopted by the Football Federation of Australia, having sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide. Small sided games in Training Coaches should focus more on games rather than drills. แทงไฮโล

    ReplyDelete
  28. The reign of the Xbox is almost over. As of late the PS3 has been looking better and better. Looks like 2008 will be the year of the PlayStation. PlayStation 3 has many big name titles coming out this year and if the all games from the list are all actually released this year, all we can say is WOW. Note: The following list in no way represents the entire list of exclusive titles for each console. However, it gives us a pretty good idea of the games rumored to be released this year. แทงบาคาร่า

    ReplyDelete
  29. Online games gives you an ultimate gaming experience with a realistic environment, superb graphics and sound clarity. They are absolutely relaxing and are popular among people of all ages. kampuspoker

    ReplyDelete
  30. The reign of the Xbox is almost over. As of late the PS3 has been looking better and better. Looks like 2008 will be the year of the PlayStation. PlayStation 3 has many big name titles coming out this year and if the all games from the list are all actually released this year, all we can say is WOW. Note: The following list in no way represents the entire list of exclusive titles for each console. However, it gives us a pretty good idea of the games rumored to be released this year. https://lizajeed.design.blog/2020/09/28/ข้อดีของการเล่นหวยยี่ก/

    ReplyDelete
  31. Here you'll find ten of the absolute best free Android arcade games available for download today. These games demonstrate the possibilities of the technology embedded into your Android phone. The graphics are amazing and there's been quite a lot of thought put into the actual playability aspect of these free Android games. Four of these are the absolute best multiplayer Android games! main domino qiu qiu

    ReplyDelete
  32. Free online internet gaming has exploded over the past 10 years and now comprises of a large collection of game developers, publishers, web portals and millions of casual game players. Talented game developers are in more limited supply than publishers and portals, yet even they are steadily growing in supply as more companies and brands look for sponsorship deals with high quality upcoming free games. The rapid growth of casual games has seen the emergence of many talented free game developers in the flash market, find out about some of the most exciting game developers and their highest rated titles. http://pokervpkv.games/

    ReplyDelete
  33. As an avid retro-gamer, for quite a long time I've been particularly interested in the history of video games. To be more specific, a subject that I am very passionate about is "Which was the first video game ever made?"... So, I started an exhaustive investigation on this subject (and making this article the first one in a series of articles that will cover in detail all video gaming history). The question was: Which was the first video game ever made? tankee io

    ReplyDelete
  34. While many mainstream developers have been releasing a lot of graphically rich and intense games for the PC and various other platforms, many of them require your hardware to meet certain requirements and almost all of them can eat a huge chunk out of your wallet. Of course if you are looking for a way to kill time and have fun while doing it, there are still many free games that are being released by smaller developers. สมัครสมาชิกเว็บแทงบอลบนมือถือ2020

    ReplyDelete
  35. As an avid retro-gamer, for quite a long time I've been particularly interested in the history of video games. To be more specific, a subject that I am very passionate about is "Which was the first video game ever made?"... So, I started an exhaustive investigation on this subject (and making this article the first one in a series of articles that will cover in detail all video gaming history). The question was: Which was the first video game ever made? Judi Bola

    ReplyDelete
  36. The eyes of parents and the eyes of their children have far different visions when looking for the next hit video game. Insuring that the video games your kids play meet with your expectations while still entertaining them can sometimes be a tricky proposition. We know you're busy - read on to find out how to keep an eye on what your kids are playing without having to become an expert on video games. nailz io

    ReplyDelete
  37. As an avid retro-gamer, for quite a long time I've been particularly interested in the history of video games. To be more specific, a subject that I am very passionate about is "Which was the first video game ever made?"... So, I started an exhaustive investigation on this subject (and making this article the first one in a series of articles that will cover in detail all video gaming history). The question was: Which was the first video game ever made? Premium Minecraft accounts

    ReplyDelete
  38. Do you buy your games second-hand? Then you are a complete cheapskate and the scum of the gaming industry. You're worse than any pirate sailing the high seas of warez. BocahPkv situs pkv games online mengunakan uang asli

    ReplyDelete
  39. I always was interested in this subject and still am, appreciate it for putting up. 918kiss mega888 ios

    ReplyDelete
  40. The price of games do not come cheap in an unstable economy especially when it is a mega-hit title released from a well-known company. These are some handpicked strategies gamers can use without resorting to starvation or breaking bank accounts. หวยลาว

    ReplyDelete
  41. Video games are designed to entertain players and give missions to complete all throughout the game. It is normally made to challenge players, and allow every player achieve small accomplishments that will give them the urge to continue playing. May it be small or big achievements, those achievements are somehow the driving force of players to keep on playing video games. หวยลาว

    ReplyDelete
  42. very nice post, i definitely adore this fabulous website, persist in it 918kiss kiss918 apk download

    ReplyDelete
  43. very nice post, i definitely adore this fabulous website, persist in it 토토사이트

    ReplyDelete
  44. Excellent website. Lots of useful info here. I’m sending it to a few friends ans also sharing in delicious. And obviously, thanks for your effort! 파워볼사이트

    ReplyDelete
  45. When I got my first game console in 1979 -a way-cool Intellivision system by Mattel- the term "game engine" did not exist. Back then, video and arcade games were considered by most adults to be nothing more than toys, and the software that made them tick was highly specialized to both the game in question and the hardware on which it ran. 샌즈카지노

    ReplyDelete
  46. This is a brief timeline of the history of the game design industry. It's clear to see that this is an ever-evolving industry, and one that is growing quickly. 우리카지노

    ReplyDelete
  47. Every gamer goes through the process of buying a new video game - playing it to boredom or completion and then moving onto the next game. For some, the retail value of 40 pounds (60 dollars) for most new video games makes moving onto the next game a tricky task, making gaming an expensive hobby! This article will discuss several methods of buying/getting new video games available to gamers and consider whether video game swapping sites represent the best possible value to a gamer when moving onto a new video game. WoW Classic Gold

    ReplyDelete
  48. Video Best iOS Game are designed to entertain players and give missions to complete all throughout the game. It is normally made to challenge players, and allow every player achieve small accomplishments that will give them the urge to continue playing. May it be small or big achievements, those achievements are somehow the driving force of players to keep on playing video games.

    ReplyDelete

  49. 년대 초 처음 나온 스포츠토토는 게임 참가자가 야구,농구,축구,골프,씨름 등의 경기 결과를 예측해 베팅한 뒤 결과에 따라 배당금을 받는 게임입니다. 스포츠경기의 승,무,패를 맞히는 게임(승부식), 경기 득점,실점을 맞히는 게임(점수식), 승·무·패와 득실점을 동시에 맞히는 게임(혼합식) 등으로 구분돼 있다. 우리나라의 유일한 국민체육진흥공단이 발행하는 합법적인 베팅업체는 케이토토 베트맨토토입니다. 우리 나라의 합법적인 베팅업체 케이토토,베트맨토토는 배당률도 낮고 경기수가 적습니다. 결국 회원들은 베트맨토토에서 수익을 내는게 거의 불가능하다고 봅니다. 그래서 사람들은 보다 다양하고 선택권이 넓은 사설토토사이트로 눈을 돌렸습니다. 케이토토,베트맨토토보다 배당, 안전성 등 매력적인 부분이 많았습니다. 하지만 단점은 있었습니다. 먹튀가 존재한다는 점입니다. 반면에 장점도 있었습니다.
    토토사이트

    ReplyDelete
  50. There's no denying that video games have become an integral part of the millennial life. This is probably because they allow the gamer to lead an alternate life, full of adventure and challenges. Gaming is a truly global industry today- a $60 billion one. 우리카지노

    ReplyDelete
  51. The eyes of parents and the eyes of their children have far different visions when looking for the next hit video game. Insuring that the video games your kids play meet with your expectations while still entertaining them can sometimes be a tricky proposition. We know you're busy - read on to find out how to keep an eye on what your kids are playing without having to become an expert on video games. best gaming keyboard

    ReplyDelete
  52. Are you having a hard time with your golf swing? Perhaps a nice little golf vacation in the Caribbean might just do the little trick of turning your sagging handicap around. Learn how playing in the relaxing sun-soaked atmosphere of the Caribbean might be just what the doctor ordered for your game of golf. Golf Matsuyama

    ReplyDelete
  53. Online games gives you an ultimate gaming experience with a realistic environment, superb graphics and sound clarity. They are absolutely relaxing and are popular among people of all ages. DOGE

    ReplyDelete
  54. Video games are designed to entertain players and give missions to complete all throughout the game. It is normally made to challenge players, and allow every player achieve small accomplishments that will give them the urge to continue playing. May it be small or big achievements, those achievements are somehow the driving force of players to keep on playing video games. proof of work

    ReplyDelete
  55. Here you'll find ten of the absolute best free Android arcade games available for download today. These games demonstrate the possibilities of the technology embedded into your Android phone. The graphics are amazing and there's been quite a lot of thought put into the actual playability aspect of these free Android games. Four of these are the absolute best multiplayer Android games! mega888

    ReplyDelete
  56. Many games have emerged during the last decade with the words "Lord of the Rings" in their name, from traditional board games to Monopoly: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition and Risk: The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game is a Living Card Game (LGG). Let's see if it stands out from the crowd. 메이저 안전놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  57. The video game industry has been growing rapidly in recent years, and Atlanta is quickly becoming a sought-out destination for companies involved in game design and gaming technology. This article describes the landscape of Atlanta in regards to gaming technology, the individuals interested in careers in gaming technology, and educational resources available to those individuals wishing to learn more about game design, game programming, and video game testing. https://kingboost.net/

    ReplyDelete
  58. My tips on how to get better at shooting games. From the settings to in-game, find out things that might help you. io games list

    ReplyDelete
  59. Agen judi slot online terbaik di Indonesia dengan pilihan game slot pragmatic terpercaya dari Jagoan88. Menangkan bonus Jackpot uang asli ditahun 2021
    agen casino yang menyediakan permainan yang sangat menarik untuk di mainkan dan memiliki bonus yang berlimpah
    Jagoan88 merupakan situs judi IDN Slot Online deposit pulsa terbaik dan terpercaya dengan permainan judi online terlengkap dan terbesar.
    Jagoan88 yang sudah dikenal sebagai agen poker idn terpercaya dan terbaik 2021 sekaligus bergelar daftar situs judi idnslot online terpercaya di Indonesia.

    https://forum.mojogamestudios.com/profile/ongbriant
    http://onlineklubben.dk/site/members/ongbriant/activity/382687/
    https://www.gatesofantares.com/players/ongbriant/activity/804622/
    http://www.quickregisterhosting.com/classifieds/user/profile/551537
    http://lin8888.com/space-uid-676233.html

    ReplyDelete
  60. Most of the people, who are confused with conventional casino experiences, prefer eyeing on the online slots. You need to familiarize yourself with the online slots phenomenon. togel hongkong

    ReplyDelete
  61. Video games have been around since the 1980s and since then, there have been plenty of colorful and sometimes even unusual games that have been played. Of course, there have also been plenty of twisted games that have also been hits in the gaming industry. In this article, I will talk about at least 5 of those games, including: Grand Theft Auto, Mortal Kombat, The Sims, Destroy All Humans, and Conker's Bad Fur Day. slot online terpercaya

    ReplyDelete
  62. Riddles, crosswords, math games, quizzes, memory or other visual games - knowledge games or more often known as brain games enjoy popularity among various players around the world on all kinds of platforms. From Brain Age on Nintendo DS, Brain Challenge for iPhone, Lumosity.com with its online platform or online games like Brain Buddies on Facebook - all these games train you brain abilities in a fun and engaging way. slot online terpercaya

    ReplyDelete
  63. Facebook games have shown a lot of popularity during the past year. As Facebook adds more games to its already huge entertainment menu you may be wondering which games are the best and most fun to play. This article will give separate game reviews for each of the twenty five top Facebook games for 2010. buy wow items

    ReplyDelete
  64. The popularity of video games has led to the expansion of the industry and technology advances. Today, there are many different game types and the genre is still expanding rapidly. One video game differs from another by its gameplay, category and interaction. buying wow gold safely

    ReplyDelete
  65. The game apps are the beautifully designed apps that entertain and enthralls the target audience to the core that users can't resist reopening the app repetitively. The reason may be the intuitive designs, intriguing gameplay or bespoke layout which thrives the gamers. buying wow gold safe

    ReplyDelete
  66. The price of games do not come cheap in an unstable economy especially when it is a mega-hit title released from a well-known company. These are some handpicked strategies gamers can use without resorting to starvation or breaking bank accounts. judi slot online

    ReplyDelete
  67. Categories in the computer game industry are used to group games based on their style of game play or game interactions. Genres in the gaming market are setting independent, meaning that a title can be classified as an action title whether it set in a fantasy setting of goblins and warlocks or a futuristic city setting with aliens and hover cars. game slot online

    ReplyDelete
  68. Online games gives you an ultimate gaming experience with a realistic environment, superb graphics and sound clarity. They are absolutely relaxing and are popular among people of all ages. Monster Legends Download

    ReplyDelete
  69. Even though a relative rookie 21Nova Casino is creating a fantastic reputation, these people have a fantastic gameplay selection, amazing 24/7 customer service, offer numerous different languages, have built up an excellent loyalty package (Club21) and also have some very good reward schemes. 21nova in addition offer more than thirty reputable deposit and withdrawal systems. Their online games are usually really buzzing with energy. judi online

    ReplyDelete
  70. The good name of any online casino is a half of its success. Bad background for the online casino is a black mark for the whole period of it existence and decreases the number of its potential visitors ten times, while the good reputation works only for the casino house and attracts more and more clients every day. daftar live22 indonesia

    ReplyDelete
  71. The advent of casino hotels has radically altered the old gambling experience. They offer luxury accommodation, multiple cuisine restaurants and state-of-the-art gaming casinos under one room catering to every love and fancy of a player. live22 slot

    ReplyDelete
  72. When you are looking for a mobile game download, you are going to find that for every true gem on the market, there will be a sea of titles that quickly end up erased off your device. While you sometimes get lucky and the mistake is only a free mobile game, there are some paid downloads that should have spent more time in the development stages. On this list, you will find the best mobile games that are currently available aztec gems

    ReplyDelete
  73. As technology enters the classroom more and more, educational video games will follow. This article compares an educational video game and its results, while drawing a comparison between it and learning a musical instrument in order to determine which activity can actually improve test scores for students. slot online indonesia

    ReplyDelete
  74. Hi, Can I export your page photo and utilize that on my webpage? 먹튀

    ReplyDelete
  75. Quite insightful post. Never believed that it was this simple after all. I had spent a very good deal of my time looking for someone to explain this topic clearly and you’re the only one that ever did that. Kudos to you! Keep it up 토토커뮤니티

    ReplyDelete
  76. Want to cook at your best even when traveling or when gone for an outing? Then these wonderful new-age devices are a must for you! Situs Slot Gacor

    ReplyDelete
  77. If you wish to maintain the enthusiasm flowing for your girls, allow them to play games as an alternative. Let them dress up in various outfits. Or you might bring them to the make believe world and allow them to bake a cake or cook the most delicious food items they could ever imagine. There are numerous exciting things you can do for your children. 메이저사이트 추천

    ReplyDelete
  78. A cake can also be healthy like a carrot cake. Carrot cake can be bake easily with simple instructions at online cooking. Moreover, bring out the artist in you with online cooking. Relax and enjoy yourself with cooking games. Be an expert pastry chef with online cooking. 안전사이트

    ReplyDelete
  79. We get it, cooking delicious food and keeping it healthy can be a real problem, because if you want tasty food many times you have to compromise on the health of the ingredients etc. But will you believe it if I say, food can be both extremely healthy and delicious by changing this one thing you may be overlooking all the time - the cooking pot! slot online terbaru

    ReplyDelete
  80. Most gaming enthusiasts have already made up their mind which games they will want for their new PS Vita. Sony has already promised that their new generation portable is going to offer an unprecedented and exciting gaming experience if gamers are up for the challenge. Check-out these must have PS Vita games that were given the nod by industry gaming enthusiasts... biggest discord server

    ReplyDelete
  81. How to choose a high payout casino bonus. It's not that hard..learn how here. 실시간바카라사이트

    ReplyDelete
  82. Video games are designed to entertain players and give missions to complete all throughout the game. It is normally made to challenge players, and allow every player achieve small accomplishments that will give them the urge to continue playing. May it be small or big achievements, those achievements are somehow the driving force of players to keep on playing video games. free mobile games

    ReplyDelete
  83. Investing in the Crypto Currency market space can be a little daunting for the traditional investor, as investing directly in Crypto Currency (CC) requires the use of new tools and adopting some new concepts. At Crypto Trend we will continue to provide information and guidance, so if you do decide to dip your toes in this market, you will have a very good idea of what to do and what to expect. is there a euro stablecoin

    ReplyDelete
  84. Monero is a privacy-oriented cryptocurrency project whose main aim is to provide better privacy than other blockchain ecosystems. This technology shield's users' information through stealth addresses and Ring signatures. Stealth address refers to the creation of a single address for a solo transaction stablecoin for euro

    ReplyDelete
  85. A look at the decline in one player video games in favor of PvP multiplayer. And what the single player fans can do about it. สมัคร venus casino ขั้นต่ำ 10 บาท

    ReplyDelete